Everything below concerns DAC. We keep the language plain, cite what the science says, and separate well-supported claims from open questions.
Updated 2026-06-24. Numbers and descriptions here follow the published literature rather than marketing material.
Naming in this area is inconsistent, and readers should treat product labels with care. In much of the literature and in vendor catalogs, the unqualified term refers to the albumin-binding version, while the version lacking the DAC group appears as modified GRF(1-29), mod GRF(1-29), or the same name with a without-DAC qualifier. Because one abbreviation has been applied to both materials, the only reliable way to identify a sample is to check the stated sequence and the presence of the linker.
CJC-1295 is the name used for a synthetic peptide modeled on growth hormone-releasing hormone, the hypothalamic signal that prompts the pituitary to release growth hormone. The compound was described by a Canadian drug discovery company in the mid-2000s as a long-acting research tool. Two closely related molecules share the name in practice: one carries a drug affinity complex, or DAC, group, and one does not. The distinction matters because the two behave differently in circulation.
Stability depends heavily on physical state. A lyophilized powder kept dry, desiccated, and shielded from light typically holds its integrity for months to years at minus twenty degrees Celsius, and longer at minus eighty. Once dissolved, the peptide becomes far more vulnerable, since peptide bond hydrolysis, oxidation of susceptible residues, and aggregation all proceed faster in solution. Buffers near neutral pH are generally gentler than strongly acidic or alkaline conditions. Repeated freeze-thaw cycles and exposure to air-liquid interfaces during vigorous mixing cause losses that are easy to overlook.
Verification matters because research peptides vary widely in quality. A certificate of analysis is only as reliable as the method behind it, and a single chromatographic trace reveals little about counter-ions, residual solvents, or water content. Independent laboratories commonly pair mass confirmation with chromatographic purity and, where relevant, quantify water along with acetate or trifluoroacetate content. Reported purity figures are not standardized across suppliers, so a stated value such as ninety-eight percent is not directly comparable unless the analytical method, column, and detection wavelength accompany it.
| Property | Value | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| Molecular class | Synthetic peptide | GHRH analog, not a steroid |
| Backbone length | 29 amino acids | Based on GRF(1-29) |
| Substitutions | Four positions | D-Ala2, Gln8, Ala15, Leu27 |
| Appearance | White to off-white powder | Typical lyophilized research material |
| Common synonyms | Modified GRF(1-29) | Usage varies between sources |
CJC-1295 is a synthetic peptide analog of growth hormone-releasing hormone, constructed on the 29-amino-acid fragment designated GRF(1-29). The name began as an internal development code during the 1990s and later spread through research supply catalogs and discussion forums. The molecule does not occur in nature; its sequence is engineered rather than isolated from tissue. Two related compounds are sold under this single label, and they differ by one appended chemical group that strongly influences how long the peptide remains in circulation.
The dividing feature between the two forms is a maleimide-based drug affinity complex, abbreviated DAC. In the DAC-bearing version, a linker attaches the peptide to serum albumin after administration, and that association slows removal from plasma. The version lacking DAC appears in catalogs as MOD GRF(1-29) or tetrasubstituted GRF(1-29). Because informal writing treats both as one item, comparisons drawn from such sources routinely blend measurements taken from two molecules with substantially different behavior.
Identity and purity are established with reversed phase high performance liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry. The chromatographic step separates the target peptide from truncated sequences and deletion products, while the mass measurement confirms the expected molecular weight to within a fraction of a dalton. Because the two common variants differ by the presence of the linker, mass alone can distinguish them in the unconjugated state. Amino acid analysis and peptide mapping are used when sequence level confirmation is required.
Lyophilized material is generally stable for extended periods when held at minus twenty degrees Celsius or below and protected from moisture and light. In solution the peptide is more labile; bond hydrolysis, aggregation and oxidation of susceptible residues all proceed faster at ambient temperature. Repeated freeze and thaw cycles should be avoided because they promote clumping and loss of soluble material. The conjugated variant adds a further consideration, since the maleimide group can hydrolyze in aqueous buffer and lose its ability to react with albumin.
Laboratory handling centers on minimizing exposure to water, heat and oxygen before use. Working solutions are typically prepared in sterile water or a mild buffer, and any residual particulate matter is removed by filtration. When the powder dissolves slowly, a small proportion of acetonitrile or dilute acetic acid is sometimes added as a co-solvent. Containers are kept sealed and desiccated between uses. Records of lot number, reconstitution date and storage conditions support later comparison of results across experiments.
Reconstitution is typically performed with sterile water or bacteriostatic water, added slowly against the vial wall. The resulting solution should be clear and colorless; cloudiness or visible particles suggest a problem with the material or the diluent. Once in solution, the peptide is less stable than the dry powder. Refrigerated storage at two to eight degrees Celsius is common for short-term holding, while freezing aliquots is described for longer periods.
Purity is most often assessed by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography, reported as a percentage of total peak area. Identity is confirmed by mass spectrometry, which yields a molecular ion consistent with the expected sequence. Amino acid analysis and peptide mapping provide additional characterization. Reported purity values are method-dependent, so figures from different laboratories are not always directly comparable without details of column, gradient, and detection wavelength.
== Structure == CDPSs don’t have a specific structure, given each one has its own specific function, but they still have common architectures, such as a Rossmann-fold domain. CDPSs are monomers that have been found to display a strong structural similarity to the catalytic domains of class Ic aminoacyl tRNA synthetases: both these families, CDPSs and class Ic aaRSs, have a Rossmann-fold domain and their structures can be superimposed showing many structural analogies. CDPSs characteristically feature a deep surface-accessible pocket bordered by the catalytic residues, which is where the catalysis of amide bond formation takes place. This structure is positioned similarly to the aminoacyl binding pocket in aaRSs, which leads to thinking that CDPSs evolved from class Ic aaRSs. CDPSs and aaRSs present substantial differences though, such as the absence of ATP-binding motifs in CDPSs, given that these use, unlike aaRSs, amino acids that have already been activated.
The placula hypothesis, proposed by Otto Bütschli, holds that the last common ancestor of animals was an amorphous blob with no symmetry or axis. The center of this blob rose slightly above the silt, forming a hollow that aided feeding on the sea floor underneath. As the cavity grew deeper and deeper, the organisms resembled a thimble, with an inside and an outside. This body shape is found in sponges and cnidaria. This explanation leads to the formation of the bilaterian body plan; the urbilaterian would develop its symmetry when one end of the placula became adapted for forward movement, resulting in left-right symmetry. The planula hypothesis, proposed by Bütschli, suggests that metazoa are derived from planula; that is, the larva of certain cnidaria, or the adult form of the placozoans. Under this hypothesis, the larva became sexually mature through paedomorphosis, and could reproduce without passing through a sessile phase. The gastraea hypothesis was proposed by Ernst Haeckel in 1874, shortly after his work on the calcareous sponges. He proposed that this group of sponges is monophyletic with all eumetazoans, including the bilaterians. This suggests that the gastrulation and the gastrula stage are universal for eumetazoans. It has been perceived as problematic that gastrulation by invagination is by no means universal among eumetazoans. Only recently has an invagination been confirmed in a Calcarea sponge, albeit too early to form a remaining inner space (archenteron).
=== Generic names === Opipramol is the English, German, French, and Spanish generic name of the drug and its INNTooltip International Nonproprietary Name, BANTooltip British Approved Name, and DCFTooltip Dénomination Commune Française, while opipramol hydrochloride is its USANTooltip United States Adopted Name, BANMTooltip British Approved Name, and JANTooltip Japanese Accepted Name. Its generic name in Italian and its DCITTooltip Denominazione Comune Italiana is opipramolo and in Latin is opipramolum.
==== Cancer treatment ==== RgDAAO is used in a process called gene-directed enzyme prodrug therapy (GDEPT) to treat tumors in cancer patients. This treatment uses RgDAAO as the enzyme and D-Alanine as a substrate to create a reactive oxygen species H2O2 as a product. H2O2 permeates through tumor cells and damages biopolymers. The damage done by H2O2 creates a cytotoxic metabolite from a nontoxic prodrug within the tumor cells, which then creates a toxic substance in those cells alone. This process is beneficial for cancer patients, because this treatment is toxic only to tumor cells, while chemotherapy is toxic to all cells in the patient's body. D-amino acid oxidase also plays a role in 4-methylthio-2-oxobutyric acid (MTOBA) production, which is used as an anticancer drug which induces apoptosis of cancer cells.
Sources: en.wikipedia.org
== Function == Isogenous groups differentiate into individual chondrocytes where they continue to produce and deposit extracellular matrix (ECM), lengthening the cartilage and increasing its diameter. This is termed interstitial growth and is one of only two ways cartilage can grow.
There are some parallels between the chemistry of ammonia NH3 and water H2O. For example, the capacity of both compounds to be protonated to give NH4+ and H3O+ or deprotonated to give NH2− and OH−, with all of these able to be isolated in solid compounds. Nitrogen shares with both its horizontal neighbours a preference for forming multiple bonds, typically with carbon, oxygen, or other nitrogen atoms, through pπ–pπ interactions. Thus, for example, nitrogen occurs as diatomic molecules and therefore has very much lower melting (−210 °C) and boiling points (−196 °C) than the rest of its group, as the N2 molecules are only held together by weak van der Waals interactions and there are very few electrons available to create significant instantaneous dipoles. This is not possible for its vertical neighbours; thus, the nitrogen oxides, nitrites, nitrates, nitro-, nitroso-, azo-, and diazo-compounds, azides, cyanates, thiocyanates, and imino-derivatives find no echo with phosphorus, arsenic, antimony, or bismuth. By the same token, however, the complexity of the phosphorus oxoacids finds no echo with nitrogen. Setting aside their differences, nitrogen and phosphorus form an extensive series of compounds with one another; these have chain, ring, and cage structures. Table of thermal and physical properties of nitrogen (N2) at atmospheric pressure:
Spanish descendants in the Masonic exile community with lighter skin tones successfully integrated into Miami, but more trouble was faced by those Afrocuban black and mixed-race members living in the Deep South during the era of Racial segregation in the United States. Where Freemasonry in Cuba had allowed black members since 1868, some of the Lodges in the United States did not allow nonwhite members. After escaping to Florida, Tarajano-Gonzalez issued a declaration that any activities of the Grand Lodge of Cuba would be considered "irregular" and "unlawful" according to their own Masonic tradition, and established the Grand Lodge of Cuba in Exile (Spanish: Gran Logia de Cuba En el Exterior), within the territorial jurisdiction of the Grand Lodge of Florida. They claimed that it was not possible for Freemasonry to exist in a country under a Communist government. They further claimed that the majority of the officers of the Grand Lodge of Cuba had become exiled in the United States. On March 6, 1961, the Grand Lodge in Exile was recognized and granted permission by Edwin Larson, Grand Master of Masons in Florida. On March 15, 1962, the Grand Lodge of Florida proclaimed that they did not recognize any authority of the Freemasons in Cuba, unless those acts were approved by the Grand Master of Masons in Cuba in Exile. In 1963, Grand Master John T. Rose, Jr. of the Grand Lodge of Florida issued an edict which stated their recognition that Grand Master Tarajano-Gonzalez was the only recognized Grand Master of Masons in Cuba.
Sources: en.wikipedia.org
No. It is a laboratory-made analog of growth hormone-releasing hormone. The natural hormone is a 44-residue peptide, while the analog is built on a shorter 29-residue fragment.
The original material included a linker that binds serum albumin. A later variant removed that linker to reduce the duration of action. Catalogs and papers did not consistently adopt separate names, so both remain widely labeled with the same term.
The amino acid sequence and the presence or absence of the linker group. Mass measured by spectrometry gives an independent check that separates the two forms.
Mass spectrometry establishes whether the observed molecular weight matches the calculated sequence mass. Chromatographic retention and fragment mapping add further confidence about sequence and composition. A single technique alone is rarely treated as sufficient evidence of identity.